Female Animals Copy Experienced Females When Choosing a Mate

One of the most fascinating aspects of animal behavior is how they choose their mates.

Animals have different strategies for maximizing their reproductive success, and some of them involve learning from others.

Female animals may use social information to infer what makes a male attractive, based on the choices of more experienced females.

This is called the Inferred Attractiveness hypothesis.

The Role of Social Information in Mate Choice

(Photo : LILLIAN SUWANRUMPHA/AFP via Getty Images)

According to this hypothesis, young females observe the mate choices of adult females and learn to prefer traits that distinguish the chosen male from other males.

For example, if a female peahen chooses a peacock with a large and colorful tail, a young peahen may learn to prefer peacocks with large and colorful tails.

However, this does not mean that the observed female was really choosing based on the tail size or color.

She may have other criteria that are not visible to the observer, such as genetic compatibility or health status.

The Inferred Attractiveness hypothesis provides a new perspective on how sexual selection may function.

Sexual selection is the process by which traits become more common because of their attractiveness to the opposite sex.

It can produce strange and elaborate characteristics, such as huge antlers, bright plumage, and flamboyant courtship dances.

However, exactly why females prefer certain traits over others is poorly understood.

Female preferences in a given population often change across generations, and sometimes preferences differ among individuals within one population.

The Inferred Attractiveness hypothesis suggests that female preferences are not fixed or innate, but rather flexible and adaptive.

By learning from others, females can adjust their preferences to the local environment and the available males.

This may help them avoid inbreeding, find compatible mates, and increase their offspring's survival chances.

Also Read: 7 Animals That Prove 'Forever' is Real in Mating

The Consequences of Learning-Based Mate Choice

Learning-based mate choice may have important consequences for the evolution of male traits and female preferences.

A mathematical model developed by researchers shows that learning-based mate choice can maintain variation in male traits, rather than a single attractive trait out-competing the others.

The model assumes that females learn to prefer the rarest trait of a successful male, but this trait is not necessarily what the observed female was really choosing.

Over several generations, female preferences cause rare male traits to become more common, which then makes them less attractive.

This creates a cycle of changing preferences and traits, which prevents any trait from becoming dominant.

The model also predicts that learning-based mate choice can lead to rapid evolutionary changes in male traits and female preferences.

This is because learning-based mate choice is sensitive to the context of observation. For example, if a female observes a successful male in a group of similar males, she may learn to prefer a subtle difference that sets him apart.

However, if she observes him in a different group of males, she may learn to prefer a different trait. This means that female preferences can change depending on who they observe and where they observe them.

The model's predictions are consistent with several features of sexual selection in nature, such as the diversity and variability of male traits and female preferences among animal species.

Nevertheless, more empirical studies are needed to test the validity and applicability of the Inferred Attractiveness hypothesis in different taxa and contexts.