Colossal Sunspot Spotted by NASA Grows Bigger; CMEs Can Disrupt Earth's Power Grids

A colossal sunspot that NASA has observed is expanding and may eventually produce CMEs that could interfere with Earth's power grid.

Colossal Sunspot Keeps Growing

NASA scientists recently discovered a massive sunspot, which is expected to grow and move over the next week until it is squarely facing Earth.

The researchers issued a warning that the sun's cooler, darker region might produce strong outbursts like solar flares and coronal mass ejections.

Because these eruptions have the potential to collide with the Earth, disrupt satellite navigation, and even cause power outages, sunspot monitoring is significantly more important than simply being a matter of scientific interest.

One-Week Warning From NASA

NASA's Perseverance rover captured imagery of a sunspot from a remarkable distance of 152 million miles away.

Over August 17 to August 20, while navigating Mars' Jezero Crater, the rover documented the sunspot.

Mars' position on the far side of the sun allowed Perseverance to observe approaching sunspots over a week before Earth. This means that it could serve as a one-week warning.

These images have been transformed into an animation, revealing a faint sun with a sizable shadowy mass moving across its surface.

Given the low resolution, the sunspot must be notably large, highlighting its significance according to scientists.

Sunspots and Magnetic Fields

Sunspots are transient occurrences on the photosphere of the Sun that can be seen as dark spots in comparison to the surrounding areas. They result from the high activity of the magnetic field of the Sun, which prevents convection through a phenomenon known as magnetic confinement.

Due to differential rotation, the magnetic fields of the Sun can twist and deform as it revolves.

Sunspots can be produced when these twisted magnetic fields pierce the Sun's surface.

Solar cycle

The solar cycle, an approximately 11-year period in which sunspot activity rises to a maximum and then declines to a minimum, governs sunspot activity. Numerous phenomena in space and on Earth are influenced by the solar cycle.

Umbra and Penumbra are typically the two sections of a sunspot.

The magnetic field is strongest in the center, where it is the darkest.

The outside portion, known as the penumbra, is lighter than the umbra and has a more intricate structure.

CMEs Coronal Mass Ejection

The space weather, as well as solar radiation, can be impacted by the amount and existence of sunspots.

They are linked to solar flares and CMEs or coronal mass ejections, which can significantly affect the magnetosphere of Earth and potentially interfere with electricity and communication infrastructure.

High sunspot activity can also affect the temperature on Earth. The connection is complicated and not entirely understood, though.

Effects on The Power Grid

Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory are investigating ways to safeguard the power grid against potential damage from solar coronal mass ejections (CMEs).

Unlike cyber threats, these CMEs, produced by the sun, could inflict physical harm on the nation's power grid.

A CME's interaction with Earth's magnetic field generates fluctuating magnetic fields near the surface, creating a weak electric field. While this has little impact on most electronics, it significantly affects extended conductors like power lines and magnetic gas lines.

These conductors transport current to substations' transformers.

Since these transformers are often close to saturation levels in terms of magnetic field strength, preparation is crucial.

Grid operators must conduct planning assessments to ensure grid stability during geomagnetic storms, preventing potential weeks-long power outages that could lead to societal chaos and severe economic losses.