Wildfires are natural phenomena that have shaped ecosystems and landscapes for millions of years.
They can have positive effects, such as reducing fuel accumulation, recycling nutrients, and creating habitats for some species.
However, they can also have negative impacts, such as destroying property, threatening lives, and emitting pollutants.
In recent decades, wildfires have become more frequent, intense, and destructive around the world, especially in regions with dry and hot climates.
One of the main factors behind this trend is climate change, which is caused by the accumulation of heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere from human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture.
Climate change affects wildfires in several ways. It increases the temperature and evaporation rate, which drys out the vegetation and soil, creating more flammable conditions.
It also alters the precipitation patterns and wind regimes, which affect the ignition and spread of fires, and extends the fire season and reduces the snowpack, which provides moisture and limit fire activity.
Wildfires not only respond to climate change but also contribute to it. When they burn, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that further warm the planet.
They also produce smoke, which contains fine particles and gases that can affect the air quality, visibility, and health of humans and animals.
The consequences of wildfires and smoke
David Dee Delgado/Getty Images
Wildfires and smoke have significant consequences for society and the environment. They can cause direct and indirect damages to human health, safety, property, infrastructure, economy, culture, and well-being, as per Phys.org.
They can also affect ecosystems, biodiversity, water resources, soil quality, carbon cycle, and climate feedback.
According to a report by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), wildfires caused more than 100 deaths and over $50 billion in economic losses worldwide in 2020.
They also burned more than 50 million hectares of land across six continents, equivalent to the size of Spain.
Some of the most affected regions were Australia, California, Siberia, South America, and Europe.
Wildfires also emitted about 7.8 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide in 2020, which is about 20% of the global fossil fuel emissions. They also produced large amounts of smoke that affected millions of people across vast distances.
For example, smoke from fires in Siberia reached Alaska and Canada; smoke from fires in California reached Europe; smoke from fires in South America reached Africa; and smoke from fires in Australia circled the globe.
Smoke from wildfires can have serious health effects on humans and animals. It can irritate the eyes, nose, throat, and lungs; cause coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest pain; aggravate asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema; increase the risk of infections; reduce immune function; impair cognitive function; increase stress; and worsen chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer.
Smoke from wildfires can also affect the environment in various ways. It can reduce visibility; impair photosynthesis; alter cloud formation; affect rainfall patterns; modify atmospheric chemistry; increase surface temperature; reduce surface albedo; accelerate glacier melting; deposit black carbon on snow and ice; acidify soil and water; leach nutrients; damage vegetation.
Wildfire management is a complex and multifaceted task that involves various actors and actions at different scales and stages, as per the Washington Post.
It requires coordination among governments, agencies, communities, landowners, researchers, firefighters, emergency responders, and media outlets.
It also requires prevention measures before fires start; suppression efforts during fires; recovery actions after fires.
Wildfire management faces many challenges in a changing climate. Some of these challenges are:
Increasing fire risk: Climate change creates more favorable conditions for fire ignition and spread by increasing temperature, drought frequency and severity, wind speed, lightning strikes, and human activities.
Limited resources: Firefighting resources such as personnel, equipment, aircraft, water supply, and funding are often insufficient or stretched thin to cope with the increasing number and size of fires.
Conflicting objectives: Fire management objectives may differ or conflict among stakeholders depending on their values, interests, priorities, and perspectives. For example, some may favor fire suppression to protect lives and property; others may favor fire used to restore ecosystems or reduce fuel loads; others may favor fire adaptation to coexist with fire.
Uncertain outcomes: Fire behavior is influenced by many factors that are difficult to predict or control, such as weather, terrain, fuel type, fire history, and human intervention. Fire effects are also influenced by many factors that are uncertain or variable, such as smoke dispersion, ecological response, social impact, and economic cost.
Lack of knowledge: There is still a lack of scientific knowledge and data on some aspects of fire ecology, fire climatology, fire modeling, fire monitoring, fire communication, and fire education. There is also a lack of public awareness and understanding of fire risk and fire management.
Climate change keeps worsening wildfires and smoke, posing serious consequences and challenges for society and the environment. Scientists call it the 'new abnormal', as it is an ever-moving baseline of worse and worse conditions.
To address this problem, there is a need for more research, innovation, collaboration, communication, education, and action to prevent or reduce wildfire risk and exposure to smoke and to adapt to the changing fire regime.
