A team of scientists is investigating how plants "breathe." They now know more about how grasses create effective "breathing pores" on their leaves.
The gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere is hampered if significant landmark components in this development process are missing.
The findings are significant in terms of climate change as well.
Polarity proteins shape efficient 'breathing' pores in grasses
Gildardo RH/Unsplash
To control the uptake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis on the one hand and water loss through transpiration on the other, grasses have "respiratory pores" (known as stomata) that open and close, as per ScienceDaily.
Unlike many other plants, grasses' stomata form lateral "helper cells," which allow the plant's pores to open and close more quickly, enhancing plant-atmosphere gas exchange and reducing water use.
Researchers from the University of Bern's Institute of Plant Sciences (IPS), led by Prof. Dr. Michael Raissig, Dr. Heike Lindner, and co-author Roxane Spiegelhalder, examined the growth of helper cells in the grass Brachypodium distachyon for the current study.
For the development of helper cells, a cell compass
Helper cells are created by asymmetric, uneven cell division. A cell divides into a smaller cell, the helper cell, and a larger neighboring cell during this process.
The cell needs landmarks in order for this division to take place in the proper ratio and orientation.
The so-called polarity proteins, which accumulate on the cell's opposing sides and can thus define, for example, left and right or top and bottom, provide these landmarks, which serve as points of orientation.
The Bern scientists found two polarity proteins in this study that accumulate on two opposing sides.
The two proteins regulate the direction of cell division and the growth of helper cells in a manner similar to that of a cellular compass.
Even though this study primarily focuses on developmental biology, its findings may still be useful for enhancing agricultural crops.
According to PhD student and co-author Roxane Spiegelhalder, "Stomata are the cellular gatekeepers between the leaf and the environment and are the first to respond to changes in climate."
In order to "breathe," in a more water-efficient way, she argues that it is crucial to understand how and why grasses form the most effective "gatekeepers."
However, Spiegelhalder concludes that more investigation is necessary to determine how and whether these results can be applied to other crops.
While oxygen is needed for plant respiration, carbon dioxide is also released during the process, as per Byjus.
Plants, unlike people and other animals, don't have any specialized structures for the exchange of gases, but they do have stomata (found in leaves) and lenticels (found in stems) that play a part in it.
Compared to humans and animals, leaves, stems, and plant roots respire slowly.
Respiration is distinct from breathing. Breathing is a step in respiration that is completed by both humans and animals.
Plants breathe differently through a process known as cellular respiration, which they engage in throughout their entire life because the plant cell requires energy to survive.
Plants produce glucose molecules during this process of cellular respiration by using photosynthesis to absorb solar energy and transform it into glucose.
Several real-world experiments show that plants can breathe. To give their cells the energy they need to function and stay alive, all plants breathe.
Different plant parts experience significantly less gas exchange during respiration. As a result, each component nourishes and meets its own energy needs.
As a result, plants' leaves, stems, and roots each exchange gases separately. Stomata, which are tiny pores for gas exchange, are present in leaves.
Cells in the leaves use up the oxygen taken in by stomata to break down glucose into water and carbon dioxide.
