Africa is home to the largest population of savannah elephants in the world, with over 290,000 individuals living in 103 protected areas across the continent.
These areas, often referred to as 'fortress' parks, are designed to safeguard elephants from poaching and human-wildlife conflict.
However, they also pose a serious threat to the long-term survival of these majestic animals. In this article, we will explore how fortress parks limit the natural movements and behaviors of elephants, and what can be done to ensure their conservation and welfare.
The Enclosed Wilderness(Photo : ODD ANDERSEN/AFP via Getty Images)
While these parks serve as sanctuaries protecting elephants from poaching and conflict with human activities, they also restrict their natural movements.
Elephants in these enclosures exhibit signs of stress and behavioral changes due to limited space and resources.
Elephants are intelligent creatures with complex social structures and roaming behaviors that are essential to their well-being. The restricted spaces not only impact their physical health but also their social dynamics.
For example, elephants in small and isolated parks tend to have higher levels of aggression, lower reproductive rates, and higher mortality rates than those in larger and more connected parks.
Moreover, elephants in fortress parks are more vulnerable to environmental changes, such as droughts, fires, and diseases, that can affect their food and water availability.
The need for more expansive habitats is evident. Elephants are active during both night and day, and can travel up to 50 km per day in search of food and water.
They also migrate seasonally between different parts of their habitat, from woodland to grassland, and from bushland to swamp and back again.
These movements are crucial for maintaining the ecological balance of their ecosystems, as they disperse seeds, create waterholes, and modify vegetation.
However, most of the fortress parks in Africa are too small to accommodate the natural roaming instincts and habitat needs of elephants.
According to a study by researchers from the Conservation Ecology Research Unit at the University of Pretoria, only 13% of the protected areas in southern Africa are large enough to sustain viable elephant populations in the long term.
The rest are either too small, too isolated, or too degraded to support elephants.
Therefore, initiatives to expand these protected areas or create corridors connecting separate parks are underway but face challenges including funding, human-wildlife conflict, and climate change impacts on available habitats.
Collaborative efforts between governments, conservationists, and communities can pave the way for innovative solutions ensuring both elephant conservation and community welfare.
For example, in Botswana, the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA) is a regional initiative that aims to create a network of protected areas and corridors across five countries: Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.
The KAZA TFCA covers an area of about 520,000 km2, and is home to about 250,000 elephants, the largest concentration in Africa.
The KAZA TFCA also provides opportunities for socio-economic development, such as tourism, wildlife management, and community empowerment.
Another example is in South Africa, where the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP) is a joint venture between South Africa, Mozambique, and Zimbabwe, that aims to link the Kruger National Park, the Limpopo National Park, and the Gonarezhou National Park.
The GLTP covers an area of about 35,000 km2, and hosts about 20,000 elephants, as well as other wildlife species. The GLTP also promotes cross-border cooperation, cultural exchange, and sustainable livelihoods.
These examples show that it is possible to create more expansive habitats for elephants in Africa, by working together across borders and sectors.
By doing so, we can ensure the survival of these magnificent animals, and the benefits they bring to their ecosystems and to us.