Bats are often feared and misunderstood by humans, but they may hold the key to preventing future outbreaks of deadly diseases.
Scientists have discovered that bats have a remarkable ability to tolerate some of the most dangerous viruses on the planet, such as Ebola and COVID-19, without getting sick.
This could have huge implications for human health and medicine, as we face the threat of emerging infectious diseases.
The Secret of Bat Immunity(Photo : Getty Images)
Bats are the only mammals that can fly, and they have evolved to cope with the high metabolic demands and oxidative stress of flight. This may have given them an edge in fighting off infections, as their immune system is constantly on alert and ready to respond to invaders.
But there is more to the story. Researchers from Texas A&M University have recently published a study in Cell Genomics that reveals how bats activate specific genes during their seasonal mating swarms, which enhance their immunity and protect them from disease.
These genes are part of the interferon pathway, which is a crucial mechanism for antiviral defense in mammals.
The researchers analyzed the blood samples of four different species of bats, collected before, during, and after their mating swarms.
They found that the bats had increased levels of interferon and other immune-related genes during the swarms, compared to the other periods.
This suggests that the bats are able to modulate their immune response according to their social and environmental conditions, and boost their resistance to pathogens when they are most vulnerable.
This finding is consistent with previous studies that have shown that bats have a unique and heightened innate immune response, even when they are not infected with any detectable virus.
Unlike humans and mice, who activate their immune systems only in response to infection, bats' interferon is constantly 'switched on', acting as a 24/7 front line defense against diseases.
The researchers also identified some bat-specific variants of the NLRP3 gene, which is involved in sensing and triggering inflammation in response to infection.
These variants make the NLRP3 protein less active in bats than in other species, which may explain why bats do not suffer from excessive inflammation that can cause tissue damage and disease.
The findings by the Texas A&M team are not only fascinating for bat biology, but also for human health. As the world faces the challenges of COVID-19 and other emerging diseases, understanding how bats can tolerate these viruses could help us develop new treatments and vaccines.
The researchers hope that by identifying the genes and pathways involved in bat immunity, they can find ways to mimic or enhance them in humans. This could lead to novel therapies that could prevent or cure viral infections, or reduce their severity and complications.
The team is also interested in exploring the diversity and evolution of bat immunity across different species and regions. They believe that bats are a treasure trove of biological secrets that could benefit humanity and the planet.
Bats are not our enemies, but our allies in the fight against disease. By studying them, we can learn from their amazing adaptations and harness their potential for our own health and well-being.
